NPRFor the first time, scientists have seen two neutron stars colliding. The impact spewed gold and other heavy elements.
Astronomers Strike Gravitational Gold In Colliding Neutron StarsIn an astonishing discovery, astronomers used gravitational waves to locate two neutron stars smashing together. The collision created 200 Earth masses of pure gold, along with other elements.
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After being alerted to a gravitational-wave event by LIGO and its European counterpart Virgo, thousands of scientists across the globe looked at a patch of sky and saw the aftermath of a neutron star collision, marking the first time such an event has been observed with both gravitational-wave and c...
Two stars slammed into each other deep in space, sending out huge amounts of gold in an alchemical explosion. The super-dense stars crashed 130 million light years away, spewing out precious metals and other heavy elements like platinum and uranium, scientists say. And now the explosion has kickstar...
內有多個影片："This tells us that the heavy elements, like the gold or platinum in jewellery, are the cinders forged in the billion degree remnants of a merging neutron star."“這告訴我們，重金屬，如珠寶中的黃金或鉑金，是中子星合併時的十億度高溫所鍛燒殘餘物(灰泥)。”
Scientists have observed two stars slamming into each other deep in space, sending out huge amounts of gold in an alchemical explosion.
The super-dense stars crashed together 130 million light years away, spewing out precious metals and other heavy elements like platinum and uranium – and experts say the event has kickstarted a "new chapter in astrophysics" and confirmed theories about the origin of the mysterious neutron stars.
The huge explosion rocked the fabric of the universe, distorting spacetime. That is a major discovery in itself, marking only the fifth time that gravitational waves have been spotted on Earth.
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Scientists didn't just "hear" the violent blast by seeing the ripples in spacetime. They were also able to use telescopes on satellites and the ground to see the light and radiation that was being flung out of the explosion, which is known as a "kilonova".
And that information is going to be relied on for years to come as scientists learn more about the beginnings of such stars, and even our entire universe, astronomers said.
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Every other gravitational wave detection has been traced to black holes crashing together in remote regions of the universe more than a billion light years away.
The new event – though still very distant – was much closer and completely different in nature. It was caused by colliding neutron stars – burned out remnants of giant stars so dense that a teaspoon of their material on Earth would weigh a billion tons.
The two objects, each about 12 miles in diameter, stretched and distorted spacetime as they spiralled towards each other and finally collided.
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Like ripples from a stone thrown in a pond, the gravitational waves fanned out across the universe at the speed of light.
They were picked up on Earth by two incredibly sensitive detectors in Washington and Louisiana in the US, operated by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (Ligo).
It was here the first discovery of gravitational waves was made in September 2015, confirming a prediction made by Albert Einstein 100 years ago and earning three pioneers of the project a Nobel Prize.
Two seconds after the Ligo detection, a burst of gamma rays from the neutron star collision was captured by Nasa's Fermi space telescope.
Astronomers around the world quickly turned their telescopes and dishes towards a small patch in the southern sky and also saw the flash across the visible and invisible light spectrum.
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Analysis of the light revealed something astonishing – the manufacture of gold on a cosmic scale, as well as other heavy elements.
Dr Joe Lyman from the University of Warwick, one of many British scientists involved, said: "The exquisite observations obtained in a few days showed we were observing a kilonova, an object whose light is powered by extreme nuclear reactions.
"This tells us that the heavy elements, like the gold or platinum in jewellery, are the cinders forged in the billion degree remnants of a merging neutron star."
The origins of gold and other heavy elements have been a long-standing mystery, but recent evidence has suggested that colliding neutron stars could have a hand in their creation.
A third gravitational wave facility called Virgo near Pisa, Italy, also registered a faint signal from the event, allowing scientists to triangulate its position.
The neutron star collision took place 130 million light years away in a relatively old galaxy called NGC 4993. When the gravitational waves began their journey across space, dinosaurs roamed the Earth.
The gravitational wave signal, named GW170817, was detected at 1.41pm UK time on August 17.
Ligo's detectors, consisting of L-shaped tunnels with arms 2.5 miles long, use laser beams bouncing off mirrors to measure movement across a distance 10,000 times smaller than the width of a proton, the kernel of an atom.
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A tight lid was kept on the findings until the publication of a series of papers in journals including Nature, Nature Astronomy, and Physical Review Letters.
The international researchers expect to spend many months trawling through the mountain of data.
One question already answered is the origin of short-duration gamma ray bursts. Gamma ray bursts (GRBs), marked by an eruption of gamma rays lasting milliseconds to several minutes, are the most powerful explosions known to science.
Scientists now know that one type of GRB is generated when neutron stars collide.
Dr Samantha Oates, also from the University of Warwick, said: "This discovery has answered three questions that astronomers have been puzzling for decades: what happens when neutron stars merge? What causes the short duration gamma-ray bursts? Where are the heavy elements, like gold, made?
"In the space of about a week all three of these mysteries were solved."
Colleague Dr Danny Steeghs said: "This is a new chapter in astrophysics."
British Ligo scientist Professor BS Sathyaprakash, from the University of Cardiff, described the new discovery as "truly a eureka moment".
He added: "The 12 hours that followed are inarguably the most exciting hours of my scientific life. This event marks a turning point in observational astronomy and will lead to a treasure trove of scientific results."
Professor Bernard Schutz, also from the University of Cardiff, told how his team used the gravitational wave detections to measure the expansion of the universe more accurately than had ever been achieved before.
"What has amazed me ... is that with just this one measurement, we got a result right in the middle between the two rather different values that astronomers have measured recently," he said.
Dr David Shoemaker, spokesman for the Ligo scientific collaboration and senior research scientist at the US Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, said: "From informing detailed models of the inner workings of neutron stars and the emissions they produce, to more fundamental physics such as general relativity, this event is just so rich.
"It is a gift that will keep on giving."
Ligo colleague Professor Laura Cadonati, from Georgia Institute of Technology, US, said: "This detection has genuinely opened the doors to a new way of doing astrophysics.
"I expect it will be remembered as one of the most studied astrophysical events in history."
Additional reporting by agencies
