2025年12月25日 星期四

CRISPR 基因編輯技術,關閉了肝臟中負責產生過量膽固醇的基因。防醫學的轉捩點,一次性療法將取代數十年的每日服藥,這可能會重新定義醫療保健、醫療成本以及疾病的根源治療方式。

 一項重大的醫學突破表明,每日服用降膽固醇藥片可能很快就會成為歷史。科學家利用 CRISPR 基因編輯技術,關閉了肝臟中負責產生過量膽固醇的基因。只要一次注射,人體膽固醇的調節機制就被永久性地改變了。


在早期的人體試驗中,低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(「壞」膽固醇)水平下降了約 50%,三酸甘油酯水平下降了超過 55%。與需要每日服用的他汀類藥物或其他藥物不同,這種療法似乎具有持久性,有可能使患者無需終身服藥。這種改變發生在肝細胞內的基因層面。


這種方法針對的是高膽固醇的根本原因,而不是只控制症狀。透過編輯驅動膽固醇過度生成的基因,肝臟無需持續幹預即可自然地維持更健康的血脂水平。研究人員認為,這可以顯著降低高風險族群的心臟病和中風風險。


這項技術的意義遠不止於膽固醇。類似的基因編輯策略未來或許可以應用於高血壓、2 型糖尿病和遺傳性心血管疾病等疾病的治療。醫學或許正在從慢性治療模式轉向永久性的生物學解決方案。


儘管長期安全性和更大規模的試驗仍在進行中,但專家表示,這標誌著預防醫學的轉捩點。未來,一次性療法將取代數十年的每日服藥,這可能會重新定義醫療保健、醫療成本以及疾病的根源治療方式。


#基因編輯 #CRISPR #膽固醇 #醫學突破 #未來醫學

A major medical breakthrough suggests daily cholesterol pills may soon be a thing of the past. Scientists used CRISPR gene-editing technology to switch off a single gene in the liver responsible for producing excess cholesterol. With just one injection, the body’s cholesterol regulation was permanently altered.
In early human trials, LDL (“bad”) cholesterol levels dropped by around 50%, while triglycerides fell by more than 55%. Unlike statins or other medications that require daily use, this treatment appears to be long-lasting, potentially eliminating the need for lifelong drug therapy. The change happens at the genetic level inside liver cells.
This approach targets the root cause of high cholesterol rather than managing symptoms. By editing the gene that drives overproduction, the liver naturally maintains healthier lipid levels without ongoing intervention. Researchers believe this could dramatically reduce heart attack and stroke risk in high-risk patients.
The implications extend far beyond cholesterol. Similar gene-editing strategies could one day be applied to conditions like hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and inherited cardiovascular disorders. Medicine may be shifting from chronic treatment models toward permanent biological fixes.
While long-term safety and wider trials are still underway, experts say this marks a turning point in preventive medicine. A future where one-time therapies replace decades of daily pills could redefine healthcare, costs, and how diseases are treated at their source.


2025年12月17日 星期三

HC回憶錄: 等候線理論; 英國導師課-考試;校園洗衣機房,AI;台北台中交通系統模擬; AI 與性感.......NVIDIA has acquired SchedMD , the company behind Slurm, the widely used open-source workload manager for HPC and AI clusters.

HC回憶錄: 等候線理論; 英國導師課-考試;校園洗衣機房,AI;台北台中交通系統模擬; AI 與性感.......NVIDIA  has acquired SchedMD , the company behind Slurm, the widely used open-source workload manager for HPC and AI clusters. 

risqué
(of jokes or stories) slightly rude or shocking, especially because about sex


https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20251216-the-risqu-80s-jeans-ad-that-created-shockwaves

Cultural flashpoint

"The Levi's Launderette advert was a significant cultural flashpoint," Dr Hannah Hamad, reader in media and communication at Cardiff University, tells the BBC. Beyond its effect on our buying patterns, it was, she says, "symptomatic of cultural re-evaluations of masculinity… that placed emphasis on the sexual desire of women, via the sexual objectification of men".

It was such an iconic ad at the time and probably one of the first times the script had been flipped around to have a female gaze on a male body – Ali Hanan

Ali Hanan, founder of inclusive marketing consultancy Creative Equals, agrees. "It was such an iconic ad at the time and probably one of the first times the script had been flipped around to have a female gaze on a male body," she tells the BBC. The older, less progressive script was used everywhere, from the suggestive 1970s Cadbury's Flake commercials to the controversial Calvin Klein campaign featuring a 15-year-old Brooke Shields whispering the tagline, "You want to know what comes between me and my Calvins? Nothing." In the early '80s, women were still the object of the commercial, rather than shaping its viewpoint.

'Launderette' Levi's advertisement, Bartle Bogle Hegarty The advert changed the fortunes of Levi's – and also caused a sharp rise in the sales of boxer shorts (Credit: 'Launderette' Levi's advertisement, Bartle Bogle Hegarty)'Launderette' Levi's advertisement, Bartle Bogle Hegarty
The advert changed the fortunes of Levi's – and also caused a sharp rise in the sales of boxer shorts (Credit: 'Launderette' Levi's advertisement, Bartle Bogle Hegarty)

The Launderette ad was different. "It came from a female perspective," says Hanan, and was written by Barbara Nokes, one of eight founding partners of global advertising agency Bartle Bogle Hegarty (BBH). Nokes's role, says Hanan, "has got quite lost in the story of that ad". The advert reflected a wider "rebellious culture", Hanan believes, that created the conditions for change. "In the '80s, it was all about innovation and creativity," she says. "There were a lot of old ways of thinking and working that were upended during that time."




AI Overview

A workload manager for HPC (High-Performance Computing) is software that schedules and allocates resources (like CPUs, GPUs, memory) to parallel jobs on large clusters, ensuring efficient use and fair access, with Slurm Workload Manager being the dominant open-source standard used in most supercomputers for complex simulations and AI/ML tasks, coordinating job submission, execution, and monitoring.

Key Functions of HPC Workload ManagersResource Allocation: Grants exclusive or shared access to compute nodes for specific durations.
Job Scheduling: Queues and manages thousands of jobs, optimizing for fairness, priority, and resource availability.
Execution & Monitoring: Starts, monitors, and manages the execution of parallel applications across allocated nodes.
Scalability: Designed to handle massive clusters with hundreds of thousands of cores.

Top HPC Workload ManagersSlurm Workload Manager (Simple Linux Utility for Resource Management):Dominant: Used by over 50% of the TOP500 supercomputers.
Open-Source: Free, highly scalable, and supports complex policies.
Versatile: Excellent for traditional HPC, AI, and Machine Learning workloads, managing GPU resources effectively.
Acquisition: Recently acquired by NVIDIA, ensuring continued open-source support.

Other/Related ToolsPBS Professional (Portable Batch System): A commercial alternative, also widely used in HPC.
LS-DYNA/ANSYS/etc. Integrations: Specialized tools often integrate with workload managers like Slurm to manage their complex simulations.

How it Works (Simplified)User Submits Job: A researcher submits a job script with resource requests (e.g., "2 nodes, 4 GPUs, 2 hours") via the command line (CLI).
Slurm Queues Job: Slurm places the job in a queue.
Scheduler Finds Resources: When resources are free, Slurm allocates nodes to the job.
Job Runs: The job executes on the allocated nodes, potentially across many cores/GPUs.
Results Collected: Data and results are gathered upon completion.









Overview - Slurm Workload Manager - SchedMDSlurm is an open source, fault-tolerant, and highly scalable cluster management and job scheduling system for large and small Linu...

Slurm Documentation




Workload Management & Orchestration Series: Slurm ... - WWTJun 15, 2025 — Slurm Workload Manager: Scheduling for HPC environments Slurm Workload Manager is a highly scalable, open-source job s...

World Wide Technology | WWT




Slurm Workload Manager: The go-to scheduler for HPC and AI ...Jul 31, 2025 — Slurm Workload Manager: The go-to scheduler for HPC and AI workloads. Slurm Workload Manager is a cornerstone of high-

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NVIDIA has acquired SchedMD , the company behind Slurm, the widely used open-source workload manager for HPC and AI clusters.
The move aims to simplify how large-scale AI tasks are scheduled and managed, while maintaining NVIDIA’s approach to working with vendor-neutral, open-source software.
NVIDIA said Slurm will remain open source, with SchedMD’s team continuing development, support and training for existing users.
The companies have collaborated for over a decade on AI and supercomputing infrastructure.
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2025年12月12日 星期五

ERIC LIN 三星聯手MIT蓋「樓中樓」,意圖繞過台積電的護城河CoWoS技術 2025 ERIC LIN報導. the Chiplet Revolution ?2019

ERIC LIN 三星聯手MIT蓋「樓中樓」,意圖繞過台積電的護城河
台北信義區的房價之所以貴,是因為土地有限,這道理放在半導體晶片上完全適用。過去五十年,工程師都在做同一件事:把電晶體做小,好在同樣大小的矽晶圓上擠進更多開關。
但現在這條路越來越難走,昂貴的微影機與逼近物理極限的線寬,讓平面微縮的成本高到令人窒息。既然平面蓋不下,往天空發展似乎是唯一解方,但這正是困擾半導體界多年的噩夢。
【攝氏400度的冷靜革命】
要在晶片上蓋樓非常困難,原因出在溫度。傳統矽電晶體的製造過程動輒超過攝氏1000度,這高溫足以把已經蓋好的一樓(邏輯電路)與昂貴的金屬導線燒毀。這就像你想幫房子加蓋,但施工工法卻可能會先把客廳燒成灰燼。
MIT、滑鐵盧大學與三星電子共同發表的最新研究,正是為了解決這個熱預算難題。他們利用「非晶氧化銦」與「鐵電氧化鉿鋯」這類特殊材料,成功在攝氏400度以下的低溫環境中,直接在晶片後段製程的金屬層上長出垂直的電晶體。這相當於發明了一種冷焊技術,讓工程師能在精密脆弱的電路迷宮屋頂上安全施工,實現真正的單晶片3D堆疊。
【三星的算盤:一體成形的終極野望】
三星之所以大力投入這項研究,動機非常單純且充滿野心:這是他們發揮「 IDM(垂直整合製造)」優勢的絕佳破口。三星同時擁有頂尖的記憶體與邏輯製程技術,MIT這項能在邏輯晶片上方直接堆疊記憶體單元的技術,簡直是為三星量身打造。
想像一下,目前的電腦架構是運算與記憶分家,資料必須透過匯流排跑來跑去,耗電又佔空間。三星的願景是利用這種低溫製程,直接把高密度的記憶體蓋在處理器頭頂上。
這不僅是物理距離的歸零,更是效率的飛躍。對於急欲在AI晶片戰場翻身的三星而言,若能率先量產這種「邏輯+記憶體」一體成形的超級晶片,將是擺脫良率泥淖、在效能上直接超車的殺手鐧。
【台積電的聯盟:搭橋比蓋樓更務實?】
回到您的提問,台積電與美光、SK海力士的聯盟能否達到類似效果?答案是肯定的,但路徑截然不同。如果說三星與MIT是在搞「樓中樓」的內部改建,那麼台積電目前的CoWoS先進封裝技術,就是在蓋「空中光廊」。
台積電不生產記憶體,因此他們選擇專注於連結。透過CoWoS技術,台積電將自家的邏輯晶片與SK海力士、美光生產的HBM(高頻寬記憶體),像積木一樣並排放在一塊矽中介層上,並透過極高密度的線路將兩者連通。這雖然不是疊在一起,但透過超短距離的水平連結,依然能達到極致的傳輸速度。
這兩種策略各有千秋。台積電的「搭橋」策略技術成熟、風險低,且能靈活搭配不同廠牌的記憶體,是目前Nvidia與AMD等巨頭的首選。三星與MIT的「蓋樓」策略雖然理論效能更高(連橋都不用了),但製程複雜度與散熱挑戰極大。
現階段來看,台積電的生態系聯盟依然是AI晶片的主流選擇,但三星正試圖透過材料科學的突破,定義下一個世代的遊戲規則。
若三星取得成功,那麼未來的晶片戰爭,三星在晶圓代工的地位將可能重新獲得肯定。


Jan 28, 2019 - chiplet is an integrated circuit block that is part of a chip that consists of multiple such chiplets. In such chips, a system is subdivided into ...
Overview · ‎Motivation
Nov 6, 2018 - The new approach comes with a snappy name: chiplets. You can think of them as something like high-tech Lego blocks. Instead of carving new ...

Web results

1 day ago - Ramune Nagisetty is helping Intel establish its place in a new industry ecosystem centered on chiplets.

Chiplets are a way to make systems that perform a lot like they are all one chip, despite actually being composed of several smaller chips. They’re widely seen as one part of the computing industry’s plan to keep systems performing better and better despite the fact that traditional Moore’s Law scaling is nearing its end. Proponents say the benefits will include more easily-specialized systems and higher yield, among other things. But more importantly, they might lead to a big shift in the fabless semiconductor industry, where the targeted end-product might become a small, specialized chiplet meant to be combined in the same package with both a general purpose processor and many others specialty chiplets. Ramune Nagisetty, a principal engineer and director of process and product integration at Intel’s technology development group in Oregon, has been working to help develop an industry-wide chiplet ecosystem. She told IEEE Spectrum about that and the Intel technologies involved on 21 March 2019. 



chiplet. A future semiconductor technology from Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), a subsidiary of Xerox, that ties together minuscule circuits no larger than a ...