2020年12月25日 星期五

美中量子博弈。“九章”速度遭質疑

 

......美國麻省理工學院的數學家彼得·秀爾(Peter Shor)在1994年,首先證明了量子計算速度遠勝傳統計算機,為破解加密算法奠定了理論基礎。秀爾在今年10月底接受《自然》雜誌採訪時說,量子計算機威脅到網絡加密只是一個時間問題。

目前這樣的量子計算機雖然還遠遠尚未出現,但是考慮到網絡加密信息現在就可以被截獲和存儲、將來再破譯的安全風險,中國信息協會量子信息分會本月15日發布了中國第一份量子安全白皮書,強調應對未來量子計算機威脅、在後量子密碼時代發展“抗量子密碼”的重要性。

“九章”速度遭質疑

谷歌去年9月曾在量子計算機先驅、加州大學教授約翰·馬蒂尼斯教授(John Martinis)的領導下推出了一台能夠遠遠超越世界上最強大的超級計算機算力的量子計算機,在世界上首先實現了“量子優越性”,被認為是一項里程碑式的進展。對一個傳統電腦來說幾乎不可能完成的數學計算,馬蒂尼斯團隊名為“懸鈴木”的只用了200秒便給出了完美的答案。即使是當時世界最強大的超級計算機“頂峰( Summit)”要執行同一計算也需要大約一萬年的時間。

谷歌公司首席執行官桑德爾·皮查伊(Sundar Pichai)當時曾將這一突破與萊特兄弟發明飛機相提並論,稱這是一個“世界,你好!”的時刻。

馬蒂尼斯教授表示,中國團隊構建出了這一十分複雜的計算機,是一次“漂亮的”的實驗。但是,對以中國古代算數專著命名的“九章”比谷歌的“懸鈴木”快百億倍的說法,馬蒂尼斯教授對美國之音說,他對此表示懷疑。

他說:“現在其他人正在對此進行認真思考,我們不知道這一論斷是否真的正確。 我想說的是,這是一個典型的科學問題,聽上去你也許可以作出某一論斷,但是你必須十分謹慎地對這台計算機進行分析,看這個結論是否真正正確。“

馬蒂尼斯教授說,谷歌的計算機對錯誤十分敏感,不允許任何一個錯誤發生,所以這是一個很有力的證據,表明他們的計算機的複雜性是正確的。而中國的計算機,即使有錯誤,似乎仍然可以有信號出現。

馬蒂尼斯教授表示,目前量子計算機界的很多同行正在對中國的“九章”進行進一步討論,這一最新的量子優勢的論證工作尚無定論。他說,“九章”的另一個明顯劣勢在於它不是一個“可編程”意義上的計算機。

美中量子博弈

就在中國科學家在《科學》雜誌上發表論文宣布已成功打造出“九章”的同一天,由美國能源部費米實驗室等研究機構組成的一個小組也宣布,美國科學家首次實現了持續的遠距離量子傳送。這篇發表在《物理評論(Physical Review)》雜誌上的論文指出,這項研究成果可能為"可行的量子互聯網"奠定基礎,可以“改變數據存儲和計算等多個領域”。

量子科技是美中兩國近年來競爭最為激烈的領域之一。中國近年來在所有設計科技領域的一系列重要決策中多次提及量子科技。中國領導人習近平還曾在今年10月召集政治局舉行所謂的集體學習,“深刻認識推進量子科技發展重大意義, 加強量子科技發展戰略謀劃和系統佈局”。

美國在2018年底通過《國家量子計劃法案》,將量子信息科學列為國家重點戰略發展目標,向量子研究注入12億美元,落實量子計劃項目。美國能源部和白宮科學技術政策辦公室還在今年8月宣布成立國家量子計劃諮詢委員會,其成員構成包括了行業、大學、聯邦實驗室和其他聯邦政府機構的代表,推動量子研究和創新。

美國網絡安全專家、前微軟首席安全架構師的羅傑·格里姆斯說西方社會應迅速清醒地意識到量子技術的潛力,包括量子電腦可以破解傳統的公匙密碼體系,目前90%的網絡、包括網絡銀行都是建立在這一體系之上的。

他說:“誰將建造出強大到足以破解傳統公匙加密體系的量子電腦,這無疑是美中、也許還有俄羅斯等之間最為激烈的競爭之一。“

格里姆斯說,當這樣的量子計算機出現的那一天將是令世界認識到量子電腦之強大的那一刻。而人們很可能在一兩年之內就會聽到這方面取得重大進展的消息。

2020年12月12日 星期六

禮拜天美術神遊 (8) :Raoul Dufy (1877 - 1953 拉烏爾·杜菲) :《電氣精靈 或譯 電氣世界》(La Fée Électricité);

  禮拜天美術神遊 (8) :Raoul Dufy (1877 - 1953 拉烏爾·杜菲) :《電氣精靈 或譯 電氣世界》(La Fée Électricité);談 何政廣 主編,《杜菲:描繪光與色的大師》1996 台北/2003 石家莊


https://www.facebook.com/hanching.chung/videos/4026674754009968




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電氣精靈
Français: La Fée Électricité
Paris 2016-12-24 (32042565072).jpg
藝術家拉烏爾·杜菲
年份1937年
類型板面油畫(250塊)
尺寸1000 cm × 6000 cm(390英寸 × 2,400英寸)
收藏地 法國巴黎現代藝術博物館
網址MAM Paris Collections en ligne

《電氣精靈》(法語:La Fée Électricité)是法國畫家拉烏爾·杜菲(Raoul Dufy)為1937年世界博覽會(Exposition universelle de 1937)創作的大型油畫,尺寸達到了10m×60m,歌頌了人類自古以來在物理學尤其是電學方面的成就,目前藏於巴黎現代藝術博物館(Musée d'Art moderne de Paris)。

歷史背景[編輯]

1937年在法國巴黎舉辦了「現代生活之藝術與技術」專題世界博覽會(Exposition internationale des « Arts et des Techniques appliqués à la Vie moderne »),當時法國最大的電力公司之一巴黎配電公司(Compagnie parisienne de distribution d'électricité)以展館「光電宮」(Palais de la Lumière et de l'Électricité)參展,為此向杜菲訂購油畫作為展館牆壁裝飾。當時杜菲已經是法國最有名的畫家之一。巴黎配電公司為杜菲提供了聖旺(Saint-Ouen)電廠里的一個庫房作為工作場地,杜菲在他的兄弟和幾個助手的幫助下僅用了4個月就完成了這幅巨大作品,確保光電宮在世博會5月25日開幕當天就能開門迎客。杜菲能這麼快完成是由於採用了文物修復專家雅克·馬羅熱(Jacques Maroger)所研發的一種新型顏料。在展館中,《電氣精靈》被置於一個50萬伏特的斷路器之後,很好地表現了電氣工程的巨大進步,光電宮本身也很成功,共接待了150多萬參觀者。[1]

畫面內容[編輯]

整個畫面由中間部分和左右兩側構成。中間部分上部畫有宙斯奧林匹斯眾神,中部是宙斯的閃電,下部則是發電機組。左右兩側的上中部展現了人類社會的進步,從最左邊作為自然現象的閃電開始,然後是中世紀的田園牧歌生活、工業化早期的工廠和火車,一直到輸電線路電燈電影,最右邊則是艾菲爾鐵塔。左右兩側下部展示從古至今的110位哲學家、科學家,包括:[2]

杜菲在創作此畫時其個人風格和技法已經成熟,畫面上多用藍、紅、黃、綠等鮮艷明亮的顏色,線條歡快輕盈,展現了電力對人類生活的巨大改變,洋溢著對科學發展的樂觀精神,很好地表達了訂購方想向觀眾傳遞的信息。[3]



Dans la partie inférieure, 110 savants et penseurs qui ont contribué à l'invention de l'électricité sont représentés3,4. Parmi eux :

2020年12月2日 星期三

Rapid Testing for Children Barrels Ahead, Despite a Lack of Data

 










Etienne Laurent/EPA, via Shutterstock


Rapid Testing for Children Barrels Ahead, Despite a Lack of Data

Testing companies have revealed little about how their products perform in minors. That could be a problem.



...children, whose pint-size bodies might make the coronavirus more difficult to detect.

A small but growing body of evidence, some of which has not yet been published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal, suggests that some rapid tests for the coronavirus may falter in very young people, letting low-level infections slip by unnoticed.

In a recent study of more than 1,600 people in Massachusetts, Binax NOW, a rapid test manufactured by Abbott Laboratories, caught 96.5 percent of the coronavirus infections found by a more accurate laboratory test in adults with symptoms. But the rapid test detected just 77.8 percent of the symptomatic cases in people 18 or under. Among people without symptoms, the test faltered further, identifying 70.2 percent of adults and 63.6 percent of children.




 But without solid data demonstrating how coronavirus diagnostics perform in children, she added, it would be a mistake to assume that young people will test as easily as adults.


Nonetheless, the tests’ performance seems to have been taken for granted. 


In the rush to clear treatments, vaccines and diagnostics for widespread use, companies often neglect to include children in early trials that test whether products or therapies are safe and effective. But tests for viruses, bacteria and other infectious microbes that yield stellar results for adults do not always translate perfectly for children.

The reasons behind these differences are not always obvious, Dr. Pollock said. For instance, children’s immune systems might be better at homing in on and sequestering certain infectious invaders, making them harder to detect with standard-issue test




2020年11月24日 星期二

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Nov. 15, 2020


SpaceX’s ‘Resilience’ Lifts 4 Astronauts Into New Era of Spaceflight

The crew will spend some 27 hours in a capsule built by the private company before docking with the space station Monday night.


By KENNETH CHANG and ALLYSON WALLER

Nov. 15, 2020


Victor Glover will be the first Black crew member on the space station.

NASA, which has worked to spotlight the “hidden figures” in its history, but has so far sent only 14 Black Americans to space.


By ALLYSON WALLER

Nov. 15, 2020


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The four astronauts are minutes from launching to orbit.


By KENNETH CHANG

Nov. 15, 2020

When is the launch and how can I watch it?


By KENNETH CHANG

Nov. 15, 2020


Doctors Are Calling It Quits Under Stress of the Pandemic

Thousands of medical practices are closing, as doctors and nurses decide to retire early or shift to less intense jobs.


By REED ABELSON

Nov. 15, 2020


Take the Edge Off With Video Games

Unlike loud, stress-inducing shoot-’em-ups, these ones are meant to calm the mind and offer moments of quiet and clarity.


By JULIE MUNCY

Nov. 14, 2020


Missing From State Plans to Distribute the Coronavirus Vaccine: Money to Do It

The government has sent billions to drug companies to develop a coronavirus shot but a tiny fraction of that to localities for training, record-keeping and other costs for vaccinating citizens.


By ABBY GOODNOUGH and SHEILA KAPLAN

Nov. 14, 2020


As the Pandemic Surges, C.D.C. Issues Increasingly Assertive Advice

Agency scientists often contradict the Trump administration now, but critics urge a more public stance.


By APOORVA MANDAVILLI

Nov. 13, 2020


Scientists Destroyed a Nest of Murder Hornets. Here’s What They Learned.

Officials vacuumed the country’s first nest of so-called murder hornets last month in Washington State. The invasive insects could multiply and kill native bee populations, endangering crops and ecosystems.


By CHRISTINA MORALES

Nov. 13, 2020


Send Joy During a Stressful Year With a Holiday Card

You can still connect with loved ones near and far with a holiday card, and referencing the pandemic is OK. Just be mindful of your tone.


By SARAH FIRSHEIN

Nov. 13, 2020


Derrière le vaccin en tête de la course contre la Covid-19, un couple de scientifiques

L’entreprise allemande BioNTech, fondée par deux chercheurs, mari et femme à la ville, s’est associée à Pfizer pour élaborer un vaccin qui vient de se révéler efficace à 90%.


By DAVID GELLES

Read in EnglishLeer en español
Nov. 13, 2020


Biden Wants to Be the Climate President. He’ll Need Some Help From Xi Jinping.

The U.S.-China relationship is at its lowest point in a half century, but there are also converging interests on global warming.


By SOMINI SENGUPTA

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Nov. 13, 2020


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TIMES INSIDER
Until a Vaccine Arrives, a Worrisome Road Ahead

In an interview, the science reporter Donald G. McNeil Jr. says that medical help is coming, but the fight is far from over.


By ADRIANA BALSAMO

Nov. 13, 2020


News Quiz: President-Elect Joe Biden, Vaccines, Alex Trebek

Did you follow the headlines this week?


Compiled by WILL DUDDING, ANNA SCHAVERIEN and JESSICA ANDERSON

Nov. 13, 2020


Newton’s Daunting Masterpiece Had a Surprisingly Wide Audience, Historians Find

The discovery suggests that “Principia” had a stronger impact on Enlightenment science than previous research suggested.


By WILLIAM J. BROAD

Nov. 12, 2020


Teens in Covid Isolation: ‘I Felt Like I Was Suffocating’

Remote learning, lockdowns and pandemic uncertainty have increased anxiety and depression among adolescents, and heightened concerns about their mental health.


By EMMA GOLDBERG

Nov. 12, 2020


Using Wolves as First Responders Against a Deadly Brain Disease

Some scientists say that the predators are essential to curbing the spread of Chronic Wasting Disease because they pick off weak deer.


By JIM ROBBINS

Nov. 12, 2020


These Researchers Tested Positive. But the Virus Wasn’t the Cause.

Several scientists working with harmless genetic material have discovered that their research may have contaminated their coronavirus tests.


By KATHERINE J. WU

Nov. 12, 2020


Navy Research Confirms Need for Strict Coronavirus Testing Protocols

Two new studies clarify how Covid-19 spreads among young adults and expose the limits of quarantine measures.


By BENEDICT CAREY

Nov. 11, 2020


These Microbes May Help Future Martians and Moon People Mine Metals

An experiment aboard the space station showed that bacteria were effective at extracting rare earth elements from rocks.


By KENNETH CHANG

Nov. 11, 2020


Les masques, ça marche. Vraiment. On va vous montrer comment.

Un voyage virtuel à travers le monde microscopique du coronavirus nous montre comment les masques sont un moyen de défense important contre sa transmission.


By OR FLEISHER, GABRIEL GIANORDOLI, YULIYA PARSHINA-KOTTAS, KARTHIK PATANJALI, MILES PEYTON and BEDEL SAGET

Nov. 11, 2020


Les masques, ça marche. Vraiment. On va vous montrer comment.

Un voyage virtuel à travers le monde microscopique du coronavirus nous montre comment les masques sont un moyen de défense important contre sa transmission.


By OR FLEISHER, GABRIEL GIANORDOLI, YULIYA PARSHINA-KOTTAS, KARTHIK PATANJALI, MILES PEYTON and BEDEL SAGET

Nov. 11, 2020


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New Technology Claims to Pinpoint Even Small Methane Leaks From Space

Amid growing alarm about methane’s role in driving global warming, a Canadian firm has begun selling a service to detect even relatively small leaks. At least two rivals are on the way.


By PAUL TULLIS

Nov. 11, 2020


TRILOBITES
Ready to Mate? Take Off Your Mask, One Bat Says

Wrinkle-faced bats incorporate whistles, wing flaps and furry masks into their mating rituals, researchers have found.


By KATHERINE J. WU

Nov. 11, 2020


Training Facial Recognition on Some New Furry Friends: Bears

In their spare time, two Silicon Valley developers aided conservationists in developing artificial intelligence to help keep track of individual bears.


By LESLEY EVANS OGDEN

Nov. 11, 2020


Archaeologists Discover Viking Age Ship Burial in Norway

Using ground-penetrating radar, a team of archaeologists made the discovery in southeastern Norway. Once excavated, the findings could offer insight into Viking settlements.


By JENNY GROSS

Nov. 11, 2020


Warming May Make Hurricanes Weaken More Slowly After Landfall

New research suggests that climate change may be causing storms to retain destructive power for longer after moving inland.


By HENRY FOUNTAIN

Nov. 11, 2020


TRILOBITES
Who Is the Smartest Dog? Let the Competition Begin

Scientists in Hungary are streaming experiments with dogs that know many words, featuring them in a contest of canine intelligence.


By JAMES GORMAN

Nov. 11, 2020


India’s Covid-19 Cases Have Plummeted. Many Fear a New Wave.

While some hope the worst might be over, lapsed vigilance, cold weather and the festival season could spark a resurgence.


By JEFFREY GETTLEMAN, EMILY SCHMALL, SUHASINI RAJ and SAMEER YASIR

Nov. 11, 2020


A Sick Swan Is Saved After a 23-Mile Odyssey by Foot, Car and Subway

A woman with the right training noticed a bird’s odd behavior and made it her mission to undertake a very urban rescue.


By TROY CLOSSON

Leer en español
Nov. 10, 2020


3 Visitors Banned From Yellowstone After Cooking Chickens in Hot Spring

It is illegal to touch or throw objects into hot springs or other hydrothermal features at the park, officials said.


By JOHNNY DIAZ and CONCEPCIÓN DE LEÓN

Nov. 10, 2020


TRILOBITES
How Some Skinks Lost Their Legs and Then Evolved New Ones

The lizards have complicated a rule of thumb that in evolution, once you lose a body part, you don’t regain it.


By VERONIQUE GREENWOOD

Nov. 10, 2020


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Limiting Indoor Capacity Can Reduce Coronavirus Infections, Study Shows

Research using cellphone data in 10 U.S. cities last spring could help influence officials’ decisions on new restrictions as cases resurge around the country.


By BENEDICT CAREY

Nov. 10, 2020


Developmental Disabilities Heighten Risk of Covid Death

People with intellectual disabilities and developmental disorders are three times more likely to die of Covid-19, compared with patients without the conditions, a new analysis found.


By RONI CARYN RABIN

Nov. 10, 2020


The Children Never Had the Coronavirus. So Why Did They Have Antibodies?

A provocative study suggests that certain colds may leave antibodies against the new coronavirus, perhaps explaining why children are more protected than adults.


By GINA KOLATA

Nov. 10, 2020


5 Things We Know About Climate Change and Hurricanes

Scientists can’t say for sure whether global warming is causing more hurricanes, but they are confident that it’s changing the way storms behave. Here’s how.


By VERONICA PENNEY

Nov. 10, 2020


In Brazil’s Halt of Chinese Vaccine Trial, Critics See Politics

The government offered little explanation as to why it had stopped testing a promising coronavirus shot; an institute involved in the trial said a participant’s death was unrelated to the vaccine.


By SUI-LEE WEE and ERNESTO LONDOÑO

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Nov. 10, 2020


Travel and Coronavirus Testing: Your Questions Answered

Taking a test is the best way to assure yourself and others that you aren’t spreading the virus. Here’s what you need to know.


By TARIRO MZEZEWA

Nov. 10, 2020


Who Would Rig This Vote? The Fraud Was Real (and Feathers Were Ruffled)

More than 1,500 fake votes were slipped into New Zealand’s Bird of the Year 2020 contest in favor of the kiwi pukupuku.


By MIKE IVES

Nov. 10, 2020


Could Listening to the Deep Sea Help Save It?

In the abyss, everyone can hear you scream.


By SABRINA IMBLER

Nov. 10, 2020


MIND
Brain Scientists Explore the How of When

A new study offers the strongest evidence yet of “time cells” in the brain.


By BENEDICT CAREY

Nov. 10, 2020


Eli Lilly’s Antibody Treatment Gets Emergency F.D.A. Approval

The authorization raised immediate questions about who would get access to the antibody treatments, which are in short supply.


By KATIE THOMAS and NOAH WEILAND

Nov. 9, 2020


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How a Human Cousin Adapted to a Changing Climate

A skull found in a South African cave suggests that the species went through a process of microevolution during a chaotic environmental shift.


By NICHOLAS ST. FLEUR

Nov. 9, 2020


Mink and the Coronavirus: What We Know

Mink are the only animal known to both catch the virus from people and transmit it to them.


By JAMES GORMAN

Nov. 9, 2020


Trump Administration Removes Scientist in Charge of Assessing Climate Change

Michael Kuperberg was told he would no longer oversee the National Climate Assessment. The job is expected to go to a climate-change skeptic, according to people familiar with the changes.


By CHRISTOPHER FLAVELLE, LISA FRIEDMAN and CORAL DAVENPORT

Nov. 9, 2020


What Will Trump’s Most Profound Legacy Be? Possibly Climate Damage

President-elect Biden can restore many of the 100-plus environmental regulations that President Trump rolled back, but much of the damage to the climate cannot be reversed.


By CORAL DAVENPORT

Nov. 9, 2020


Pfizer’s Early Data Shows Vaccine Is More Than 90% Effective

Pfizer announced positive early results from its coronavirus vaccine trial, cementing the lead in a frenzied global race that has unfolded at record-breaking speed.


By KATIE THOMAS, DAVID GELLES and CARL ZIMMER

Leer en español
Nov. 9, 2020


GOOD QUESTION
What Makes Sand Soft?

Understanding how grains flow is vital for everything from landslide prediction to agricultural processing, and scientists aren’t very good at it.


By RANDALL MUNROE

Nov. 9, 2020


Old Dogs, New Research and the Secrets of Aging

The ways that dogs grow and age may provide potentially useful similarities with people.


By JAMES GORMAN

Leer en español
Nov. 9, 2020


9 Things the Biden Administration Could Do Quickly on the Environment

The first 100 days of the Biden administration are likely to see a flurry of executive actions on climate change.


By LISA FRIEDMAN

Nov. 8, 2020


Tropical Storm Eta Makes Landfall in the Florida Keys

The 28th named storm of the Atlantic season brought strong winds and heavy rains late Sunday, the National Hurricane Center said.


By MARIE FAZIO

Nov. 8, 2020


Covid Infections in Animals Prompt Scientific Concern

Mink in Denmark are not the only animals that could become reservoirs for the coronavirus to spread new mutations to people.


By JAMES GORMAN

Nov. 8, 2020


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Earthquake Rattles Parts of Massachusetts and Rhode Island

The quake, which had a preliminary magnitude of 3.6, was also felt in the Long Island Sound, the United States Geological Survey said.


By MARIE FAZIO

Nov. 8, 2020


An Explanation for Some Covid-19 Deaths May Not Be Holding Up

Recent studies have created doubts about an agent in cytokine storms, and suggest that treatments for it may not help.


By GINA KOLATA

Nov. 8, 2020


Put Physics to the Test With a D.I.Y. Roller Coaster

Build supports and track from newspaper and then put them together in your own combinations.


By GODWYN MORRIS and PAULA FRISCH

Nov. 7, 2020


Build Mental Endurance Like a Pro

Athletes who have endured the most grueling tests have a lot to tell us about how to thrive in the pandemic.


By TALYA MINSBERG

Nov. 7, 2020


Call It Friendsgiving, Call It Podsgiving, Just Don’t Forget the Green Beans

Thanksgiving is even more of a logistical puzzle this year, and some people are solving it differently.


By COURTNEY RUBIN

Nov. 7, 2020


Solo on the Holiday? Reach Out

Single people make up one third of all American households and finding ways to celebrate this Thanksgiving means taking action ahead of time.


By ANNA GOLDFARB

Nov. 7, 2020
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