Nobel Prize 得槳唱名之後的英文解說最值得看，其次才是各新聞報導。
Protein research takes Chemistry Nobel
AFP
The 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded to three scientists for their discoveries in enzyme research.
Americans Frances Arnold and George P Smith will share the prize with Briton Gregory Winter, who is based at Cambridge University.
This year's winners used a technique called directed evolution to create new proteins.
These have been used in areas as diverse as the manufacture of new drugs and green fuels.
Frances Arnold, from Caltech in Pasadena, was first to use a method mimicking natural selection in order to develop enzymes that would perform specific tasks.
Enzymes are biological catalysts - which speed up chemical reactions in biological cells.
Prof Arnold's directed evolution techniques are now routinely used to develop new enzymes.
Virus breakthrough
George P Smith and Sir Gregory Winter developed a technique called phage display to evolve new proteins.
They used bacteriophages, viruses that infect bacteria, to generate new antibodies - large proteins that are used by the immune system to neutralise harmful bacteria and viruses.
The first antibody based on this method, adalimumab, was approved in 2002 and is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel diseases.
Since then, phage display has produced antibodies that can neutralise toxins, counteract autoimmune diseases and treat metastatic cancer.
Prof Dame Carol Robinson, president of the Royal Society of Chemistry, said that directed evolution of enzymes and antibodies "are now transforming medicine. It would have been hard to predict the outcome of this research at the start - this speaks to the need for basic research"...
Green fuel pioneers win chemistry Nobel Prize...
BBC.COM
Protein research takes Chemistry Nobel
The 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded to three scientists for their discoveries in enzyme research.
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