其聲音儲存在以聲學方法在黑膠唱片平面上刻出的弧形刻槽內。聲音振動波形已雕刻、蝕刻、切割或壓印到旋轉圓柱或盤的表面的溝槽裏，稱為「記錄」。為了重新創造聲音，旋轉表面，使用針頭跟蹤凹槽並因此被它振動，可以非常微弱地再現所記錄的聲音。在早期的聲學留聲機中，針頭振動了一個振膜，振膜產生的聲波透過喇叭，或透過聽診器式耳機直接傳播到聽眾的耳朵。
第一個留聲機最早於1877年由美國發明家愛迪生（Thomas Alva Edison，1847－1931年）發明，而第一個使用唱片的留聲機於1888年由德裔美國發明家伯利那（E.Berliner，1851-1929）首先演示。唱片後來逐漸取代了筒式留聲機，因為唱片能比較方便地大量複製，播放時間也比大多數筒形錄音介質長。
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Usage of terminology is not uniform across the English-speaking world (see below). In more modern usage, the playback device is often called a "turntable", "record player", or "record changer", although each of these terms denote categorically distinct items. When used in conjunction with a mixer as part of a DJ setup, turntables are often colloquially called "decks".[5] In later electric phonographs (more often known since the 1940s as record players or, most recently, turntables[6]), the motions of the stylus are converted into an analogous electrical signal by a transducer, then converted back into sound by a loudspeaker.[7]
The term phonograph ("sound writing") was derived from the Greek words φωνή (phonē, "sound" or "voice") and γραφή (graphē, "writing"). The similar related terms gramophone (from the Greek γράμμα gramma "letter" and φωνή phōnē "voice") and graphophone have similar root meanings.[8] The roots were already familiar from existing 19th-century words such as photograph ("light writing"), telegraph ("distant writing"), and telephone ("distant sound"). The new term may have been influenced by the existing words phonographic and phonography, which referred to a system of phonetic shorthand; in 1852 The New York Times carried an advertisement for "Professor Webster's phonographic class", and in 1859 the New York State Teachers Association tabled a motion to "employ a phonographic recorder" to record its meetings.
Arguably, any device used to record sound or reproduce recorded sound could be called a type of "phonograph", but in common practice the word has come to mean historic technologies of sound recording, involving audio-frequency modulations of a physical trace or groove. In the late-19th and early-20th centuries, "Phonograph", "Gramophone", "Graphophone", "Zonophone", "Graphonole" and the like were still brand names specific to various makers of sometimes very different (i.e. cylinder and disc) machines; so considerable use was made of the generic term "talking machine", especially in print. "Talking machine" had earlier been used to refer to complicated devices which produced a crude imitation of speech, by simulating the workings of the vocal cords, tongue, and lips – a potential source of confusion both then and now.
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