IBM PS/2 Model 30 adTwenty-five
years ago, IBM announced the Personal System/2 (PS/2), a new line of
IBM PC-compatible machines that capped an era of profound influence on
the personal computer market.
By the time of the PS/2's launch in 1987, IBM PC clones--unauthorized
work-alike machines that could utilize IBM PC hardware and
software--had eaten away a sizable portion of IBM's own PC platform.
Compare the numbers: In 1983, IBM controlled roughly 76 percent of the
PC-compatible market, but in 1986 its share slipped to 26 percent.
IBM devised a plan to regain control of the PC-compatible market by
introducing a new series of machines--the PS/2 line--with a proprietary
expansion bus, operating system, and BIOS that would require clone
makers to pay a hefty license if they wanted to play IBM's game.
Unfortunately for IBM, PC clone manufacturers had already been playing
their own game.
In the end, IBM failed to reclaim a market that was quickly slipping
out of its grasp. But the PS/2 series left a lasting impression of
technical influence on the PC industry that continues to this day.
Attack of the Clones
When IBM created the PC in 1981, it used a large number of easily
obtainable, off-the-shelf components to construct the machine. Just
about any company could have put them together into a computer system,
but IBM added a couple of features that would give the machine a flavor
unique to IBM. The first was its
BIOS,
the basic underlying code that governed use of the machine. The second
was its disk operating system, which had been supplied by Microsoft.
When Microsoft signed the deal to supply PC-DOS to IBM, it included a
clause that allowed Microsoft to sell that same OS to other computer
vendors--which Microsoft did (labeling it "MS-DOS") almost as soon as
the PC launched.
Ad from the April 1987 launch, featuring the former cast of the 'MASH' TV show.That
wasn't a serious problem at first, because those non-IBM machines,
although they ran MS-DOS, could not legally utilize the full suite of
available IBM PC software and hardware add-ons.
As the IBM PC grew in sales and influence, other computer
manufacturers started to look into making PC-compatible machines. Before
doing so, they had to reverse-engineer IBM's proprietary BIOS code
using a
clean-room technique to spare themselves from infringing upon IBM's copyright and trademarks.
First PC Clone: MPC 1600
In June 1982, Columbia Data Products did just that, and it introduced
the first PC clone, the MPC 1600. Dynalogic and Compaq followed with PC
work-alikes of their own in 1983, and soon, companies such as Phoenix
Technologies developed IBM PC-compatible BIOS products that they freely
licensed to any company that came calling. The floodgates had opened,
and the PC-compatible market was no longer IBM's to own.
At least in the early years, that market did not exist without IBM's
influence. IBM's PC XT (1983) and PC AT (1984) both brought with them
considerable innovations in PC design that cloners quickly copied.
Compaq DeskPro 386 ad. Image: Courtesy of ToplessRobot.comBut
that lead would not last forever. A profound shift in market leadership
occurred when Compaq released its DeskPro 386, a powerful 1986 PC
compatible that beat IBM to market in using Intel's 80386 CPU. It was an
embarrassing blow to IBM, and Big Blue knew that it had to do something
drastic to solidify its power.
[Related:
The Computer Hardware Hall of Fame]
That something was the PS/2. The line launched in April 1987 with a
high-powered ad campaign featuring the former cast of the hit
MASH TV show, and a new slogan: "PS/2 It!"
Critics, who had seen more-powerful computers at lower prices,
weren't particularly impressed, and everyone immediately knew that IBM
planned to use the PS/2 to pull the rug out from beneath the
PC-compatible industry. But the new PS/2 did have some tricks up its
sleeve that would keep cloners busy for another couple of years in an
attempt to catch up.
Four Initial Models
IBM announced four PS/2 models during its April 1987 launch: the
Model 30, 50, 60, and 80. They ranged dramatically in power and price;
on the low end, the Model 30 (roughly equivalent to a PC XT) contained
an 8MHz 8086 CPU, 640KB of RAM, and a 20MB hard drive, and retailed for
$2295 (about $4642 in 2012 dollars when adjusted for inflation).
The most powerful configuration of the Model 80 came equipped with a
20MHz 386 CPU, 2MB of RAM, and a 115MB hard drive for a total cost of
$10,995 (about $22,243 today). Neither configuration included an OS--you
had to buy PC-DOS 3.3 for an extra $120 ($242 today).
The following chart from IBM offers a more detailed view of the
systems available during the 1987 launch, and illustrates just how
complex the variety could be.
IBM chart explaining the four PS/2 models announced in April 1987.
Every unit in the line included at least one feature new to IBM's PC
offerings--and the market in general. In the following sections, I'll
discuss those new features and how they affected the PC industry.
Integrated I/O Functionality, New Memory Standard
From the IBM PC in 1981 through the PC AT in 1984, IBM preferred to
keep a minimum of features in the base unit. Instead, it allowed users
to extend their systems with expansion cards that plugged into the
internal slots. This meant that a 1981 PC, which shipped with five
slots, left little room for expansion when it already contained a
graphics card, a disk controller, a serial card, and a printer card--a
common configuration at the time.
With the PS/2, IBM chose to integrate many of those commonly used I/O
boards into the motherboard itself. Each model in the PS/2 line
included a built-in serial port, parallel port, mouse port, video
adapter, and floppy controller, which freed up internal slots for other
uses.
Computers in the PS/2 series also had a few other built-in advancements, such as the
16550 UART, a chip that allowed faster serial communications (useful when using a modem), as well as
72-pin RAM SIMM (single in-line memory module) sockets. Both items became standard across the industry over time.
PS/2 Keyboard and Mouse Ports
An ad describing the IBM Personal System/2.The
built-in mouse port I mentioned earlier is worth noting in more detail.
Each machine in the PS/2 line included a redesigned keyboard port and a
new mouse port, both of which used 6-pin mini-DIN connectors.
IBM intended the mouse, as a peripheral, to play a major part in the
PS/2 system. The company promised a new graphical OS (which I'll talk
about later) that would compete with the Macintosh in windowing
functionality.
Even today, many new PCs ship with "PS/2 connectors" for mice and
keyboards, although they have been steadily falling out of fashion in
favor of USB ports.
New Floppy Drives
Every model in the PS/2 line contained a 3.5-inch microfloppy drive, a
Sony-developed technology that, until then, had been featured most
prominently in Apple Macintosh computers.
The low-end PS/2 Model 30 shipped with a drive that could read and
write 720KB double-density disks. Other models introduced something
completely new: a 1440KB high-density floppy drive that would become the
PC floppy drive standard for the next 20 years.
IBM's use of the 3.5-inch floppy drive was new in the PC-compatible
world. Up to that point, IBM itself had favored traditional 5.25-inch
disk drives. This drastic format shift initially came as a great
annoyance to PC users with large libraries of software on 5.25-inch
disks.
Although IBM did offer an external 5.25-inch drive option for the
PS/2 line, cloners quickly followed suit with their own 3.5-inch drives,
and many commercial software applications began shipping with both
5.25-inch and 3.5-inch floppies in the box.
Rachel Metz 1 week ago
